{"id":4511,"date":"2025-11-01T07:35:02","date_gmt":"2025-11-01T07:35:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/%da%86%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%95%d8%b3%db%95%d8%b1%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%be%d8%a7%d9%82%da%98%da%a9%d8%b1%d9%86%db%8e-%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%86%db%95-%d9%86%d8%a7%da%a4%db%95%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%db%86\/"},"modified":"2025-11-22T21:50:26","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T21:50:26","slug":"%da%86%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%95%d8%b3%db%95%d8%b1%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%be%d8%a7%d9%82%da%98%da%a9%d8%b1%d9%86%db%8e-%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%86%db%95-%d9%86%d8%a7%da%a4%db%95%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%db%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/%da%86%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%95%d8%b3%db%95%d8%b1%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%be%d8%a7%d9%82%da%98%da%a9%d8%b1%d9%86%db%8e-%db%8c%db%8e%d9%86-%d9%86%db%95-%d9%86%d8%a7%da%a4%db%95%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%db%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0686\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0642\u0698\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06ce \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0646\u06d5-\u0646\u0627\u06a4\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u06c6 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u067e\u06ce\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0646 (IDPs) \u0648 \u067e\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u06ce \u2013 \u0644\u06ce\u0643\u06c6\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u0633\u06ce"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='welcome'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-hukzgw-077b1187998f4ce1de9cd0d0d20ecd7c entry-content-wrapper main_color av-fixed-cells  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-gfphts-6b1c0af1b34f8a0f4c4f47c5afbfa7cf\">\n.flex_cell.av-gfphts-6b1c0af1b34f8a0f4c4f47c5afbfa7cf{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#8d4448;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-gfphts-6b1c0af1b34f8a0f4c4f47c5afbfa7cf{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-gfphts-6b1c0af1b34f8a0f4c4f47c5afbfa7cf av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dmvitc-540db68341557086551c23f086ac223e\">\n.flex_cell.av-dmvitc-540db68341557086551c23f086ac223e{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#a06567;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-dmvitc-540db68341557086551c23f086ac223e{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-dmvitc-540db68341557086551c23f086ac223e av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-byct68-4f3964b2f426524984a67c3c326c47da\">\n.flex_cell.av-byct68-4f3964b2f426524984a67c3c326c47da{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#ba8f8e;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-byct68-4f3964b2f426524984a67c3c326c47da{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-byct68-4f3964b2f426524984a67c3c326c47da av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b2gu0g-e3be43b7d40fbccfc784ded099885c81\">\n.flex_cell.av-b2gu0g-e3be43b7d40fbccfc784ded099885c81{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#e6d4d5;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-b2gu0g-e3be43b7d40fbccfc784ded099885c81{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-b2gu0g-e3be43b7d40fbccfc784ded099885c81 av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-last  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><div id='after_grid_row_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4511'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mhgs2stk-6dc365c2cea3e171f2a7bf6eb8b23c5d\">\n.avia-image-container.av-mhgs2stk-6dc365c2cea3e171f2a7bf6eb8b23c5d img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-mhgs2stk-6dc365c2cea3e171f2a7bf6eb8b23c5d .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-mhgs2stk-6dc365c2cea3e171f2a7bf6eb8b23c5d av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_layout_row  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-4510 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4510 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-1440x430.jpeg\" alt='' title='decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople'  height=\"430\" width=\"1440\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mhfz19eg-40dbba4a531cf00ab6fe29267b506391\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-mhfz19eg-40dbba4a531cf00ab6fe29267b506391 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:18px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mhfz19eg-40dbba4a531cf00ab6fe29267b506391 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_24da23f4fbd94658\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel animate stronger enable-updated-hr-color\" dir=\"rtl\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"true\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"1\"><span class=\"\">\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0631\u062a\u06ce\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u06af\u06d5\u0644\u06d5\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u06ce\u0645\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f \u062f\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u06ce\u062f\u06a4\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u06ce\u060c \u0647\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0626\u06d5\u06a4 \u0644\u06ce\u0643\u06c6\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06d5 \u0626\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c \u062f\u06a9\u06d5\u062a:<\/span><span class=\"\"> (i) \u0647\u06d5\u0644\u0633\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06ce \u062e\u0632\u0645\u06d5\u062a\u06af\u06c6\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0642\u0698\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06ce \u0628\u06c6 \u0626\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u067e\u06ce\u0646 \u067e\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u06ce\/\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0642\u06ce (ii) \u0647\u06d5\u0644\u0633\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06ce \u0648\u06ce\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 (WWTPs) \u0648 \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u06a9\u06ce\u0634\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06c6\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u06c6 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06ce \u062e\u0632\u0645\u06d5\u062a\u06af\u06c6\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0642\u0698\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06ce \u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u06ce (iii) \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u06ce\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06ce\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06ce \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0646\u06d5-\u0646\u0627\u06a4\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0628\u06c6 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06af\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06ce\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d5 \u0698 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0644 \u062f\u06d5\u06a4\u06d5\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0627 12 \u067e\u0695\u06c6\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d5 \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06c6 \u0626\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06ce\u0633\u062a\u0627 COD (\u067e\u06ce\u062f\u06a4\u06cc\u06cc\u0627 \u0626\u06c6\u06a9\u0633\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06ce \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc).<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"2\"><span class=\"\">\u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0626\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u06ce\u0646 \u062a\u06ce\u0633\u062a\u0627 COD \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d5 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0698 \u0626\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06ce \u0631\u06ce\u067e\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06ce 100 \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0632\u06ce\u062f\u06d5\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0698 \u0626\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ce \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06ce \u0626\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u06ce \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 \u06a4\u06d5 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06d5 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0646\u06ce \u0644 \u067e\u0695\u06c6\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0648 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06ce \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0631\u06c6 \u0646\u06d5\u0628\u0646.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u06ce\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u06d5\u0634 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0644 (grey and black wastewater) \u0644 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u067e\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06a9\u06c6 \u0648 \u06a9\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u062a\u06c61 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d5 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0628 \u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06ce \u06a4\u06d5 1013 \u0648 3000 \u06453\/\u0631\u06c6\u0698 \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06ce \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0631\u06c6 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06ce \u0648\u06ce\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d5 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u06ce\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 \u0644 \u062f\u06d5\u06a4\u06d5\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u0628 \u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06ce \u06a4\u06d5 \u0628 5610 \u0648 2484 \u06453\/\u0631\u06c6\u0698 \u062f\u06d5\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0627\u06a4\u06ce\u062a\u0646.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u067e\u0695\u06c6\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06ce \u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06ce \u0698\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d5 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u06ce\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u06c6\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 COD \u0628 \u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06ce \u06a4\u06d5 \u0628 745\u060c 578\u060c \u0648 332 \u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u06c6\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0631\u06c6\u0698 \u0647\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0626\u06d5\u06a4 \u0644\u06ce\u0643\u06c6\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06d5 \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06d5\u0645\u06ce\u0646 \u06af\u06c6\u0645\u06ce\u0646 \u0628\u06ce\u0647\u0646\u06a4\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0634\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 (Waste Stabilization Pond &#8211; WSP) \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u06c6 \u0686\u06ce\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06ce \u0644 \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u067e\u0627 \u067e\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06c6\u0645\u06cc\u06321 \u0648 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u067e\u0627 \u0626\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06a9\u06c6.<\/span><span class=\"\"> \u0628\u06c6 \u06a9\u0648 \u0632\u06ce\u062f\u06d5\u062a\u0631 \u0628 \u0628\u0647\u06ce\u062a\u06d5 \u0626\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06d5 \u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u06ce\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u06c6 \u0626\u0627\u06a4\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u06a4\u06ce\u062a\u06cc \u0644 \u062f\u06d5\u06a4\u06d5\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce \u0628\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u06d5 \u0686\u0627\u06a4\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u0648 \u0644 \u0633\u06d5\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u063a\u06d5\u06cc\u06ce \u067e\u06c6\u0644\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u06d5 \u067e\u06c6\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0698\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06d5\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-mhgs0nyu-c484105a5e9da062b12a481997ee1db9-wrap avia-button-center  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-last '>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mhgs0nyu-c484105a5e9da062b12a481997ee1db9\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-mhgs0nyu-c484105a5e9da062b12a481997ee1db9{\nfont-size:18px;\ntransition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ain-shamas-article-pdf-225x300.jpg'  class='avia-button av-mhgs0nyu-c484105a5e9da062b12a481997ee1db9 av-download-btn noLightbox avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-large avia-position-center avia-color-theme-color-highlight' download  aria-label=\"\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u06ce \u062a\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u06c6\u062f \u0628\u0643\u06d5\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='doc-text' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello'><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"22\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-1' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-1' role=\"graphics-symbol\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-1'>Doc-text<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-1'>Doc-text<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M6.784 17.344v-2.88h8.96v2.88h-8.96zM19.2 1.6q1.344 0 2.272 0.928t0.928 2.272v22.4q0 1.28-0.928 2.24t-2.272 0.96h-16q-1.28 0-2.24-0.96t-0.96-2.24v-22.4q0-1.344 0.96-2.272t2.24-0.928h16zM19.2 27.2v-22.4h-16v22.4h16zM15.68 8.256v2.816h-8.96v-2.816h8.96zM15.68 20.8v2.816h-8.96v-2.816h8.96z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u06ce \u062a\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u06c6\u062f \u0628\u0643\u06d5<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='welcome'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-90exsg-86ccee48c4e724238041c5daaac49db3 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-fixed-cells  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_button  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7feom8-f8b9e863ff540957e1b4788103f60ded\">\n.flex_cell.av-7feom8-f8b9e863ff540957e1b4788103f60ded{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#8d4448;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-7feom8-f8b9e863ff540957e1b4788103f60ded{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-7feom8-f8b9e863ff540957e1b4788103f60ded av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-58m6f4-b855450f2bd54a4de9b7450f6dfd3a9a\">\n.flex_cell.av-58m6f4-b855450f2bd54a4de9b7450f6dfd3a9a{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#a06567;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-58m6f4-b855450f2bd54a4de9b7450f6dfd3a9a{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-58m6f4-b855450f2bd54a4de9b7450f6dfd3a9a av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-hb4j4-41fd7a99253977cc4d41269d50c0cccf\">\n.flex_cell.av-hb4j4-41fd7a99253977cc4d41269d50c0cccf{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#ba8f8e;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-hb4j4-41fd7a99253977cc4d41269d50c0cccf{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-hb4j4-41fd7a99253977cc4d41269d50c0cccf av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1txdsg-ade690cac214b6170b8263d8a102fd5e\">\n.flex_cell.av-1txdsg-ade690cac214b6170b8263d8a102fd5e{\nvertical-align:top;\nheight:15px;\nmin-height:15px;\nbackground-color:#e6d4d5;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-1txdsg-ade690cac214b6170b8263d8a102fd5e{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-1txdsg-ade690cac214b6170b8263d8a102fd5e av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-last  content-align-top av-zero-padding'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-64"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople.jpeg",1440,810,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-80x80.jpeg",80,80,true],"medium":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-300x169.jpeg",300,169,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-768x432.jpeg",768,432,true],"large":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-1030x579.jpeg",1030,579,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople.jpeg",1440,810,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople.jpeg",1440,810,false],"widget":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-36x36.jpeg",36,36,true],"square":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-180x180.jpeg",180,180,true],"featured":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-1440x430.jpeg",1440,430,true],"featured_large":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-1440x630.jpeg",1440,630,true],"extra_large":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople.jpeg",1440,810,false],"portfolio":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-495x400.jpeg",495,400,true],"portfolio_small":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-260x185.jpeg",260,185,true],"gallery":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-845x684.jpeg",845,684,true],"magazine":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-710x375.jpeg",710,375,true],"masonry":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-705x397.jpeg",705,397,true],"entry_with_sidebar":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-845x321.jpeg",845,321,true],"entry_without_sidebar":["https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/decentralized_sanitation_solutions_for_temporal_internally_displacedpeople-1210x423.jpeg",1210,423,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Dr. Nesreen Barwari","author_link":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/author\/blndxpgmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4511"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4515,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4511\/revisions\/4515"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nesreenbarwari.com\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}